Radical nephrectomy / nephroureterectomy or partial nephrectomy is needed for a range of problems including lumps in the kidney confirmed to be / suspicious for cancer, cancer of inner lining of the ureter or kidney, a poorly functioning kidney that is causing symptoms.

A partial nephrectomy is needed for treating lumps in the kidney confirmed or suspicious for cancer. By removing the part of kidney with the cancer only, the overall kidney function can be preserved better than removal of the whole kidney.

A robotic radical prostatectomy is performed to treat prostate cancer.

A pyeloplasty is needed when there is a blockage at the pelviureteric junction (where the urine from the kidney drains into the ureter tube).

An artificial urinary sphincter (synthetic male sling) is an effective treatment for men with mild stress urinary incontinence (involuntary leakage). In the vast majority of men, this is done for post post-prostatectomy urinary leakage. It is not an effective treatment in men with previous pelvic radiation.